telah diterbitkan di Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pekerjaan Umum vol 7 No. 1 April 2015
Abstract
Climate
change can affect the quality and quantity of water resources.Communities in
settlements both in metropolitan and rural areas need to take adaptation action
from planning, operation, development and evaluation. Integration of adaptation
strategies needed to ensure public resources wisely invested.Research has done to
find the measures of contextual adaptation capacity gap areas, which need to be
improved. Community adaptation theory approach is used to identify the factors
related to housing conditions in adapting to climate change. The research
method is done by comparing the indicators ideal and reality in the study area.Object
of the study group was divided into two levels, namely the individual and institution.
Research sites in two locations: Kupang and Palembang in Indonesia.From
Discussion there are 3 (three) indicator that have high gap and 3 (three) in
medium gap both in Palembang and Kupang. Both Palembang and Kupang have to
face, problem in water management at territorial or community level. Palembang
should pay attention to local wisdom development, community involvement,
netwwork, organization availability, and program benefit development. Kupang
should pay attention to job opportunity, effort to increased knowledge,
information availibility, channel development, and program agreement.
Keywords: drinking water, index, adaptation
Abstraksi
Perubahan
iklim dapat berpengaruh pada kualitas dan kuantitas sumber daya air. Komunitas
pemukiman baik di daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan, memerlukan seperangkat aksi
adaptasi mulai dari perencanaan, implementasi, pengembangan dan evaluasi.
Diperlukan integrasi dan sinkronisasi strategi adaptasi, untuk memastikan
sumber daya bersama terinvestasikan dengan optimal. Penelitian ini telah
dilakukan untuk menemukan langkah-langkah kontekstual, terkait kesenjangan
kapasitas adaptasi (yang perlu ditingkatkan) di daerah penelitian. Pendekatan
teori adaptasi masyarakat digunakan, untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang
berhubungan dengan kondisi rumah tangga, dalam beradaptasi dengan perubahan
iklim. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan membandingkan indikator ideal dan
kenyataan di lokasi penelitian. Objek dari kelompok studi dibagi menjadi dua
tingkat, yaitu individu dan institusi. Lokasi penelitian berada di dua lokasi:
Kota Kupang dan Kota Palembang di Indonesia. Terdapat 3 (tiga) indikator yang
memiliki kesenjangan yang tinggi dan 3 (tiga) menengah baik di Palembang dan
Kupang. Palembang dan Kupang keduanya harus menghadapi, masalah dalam
pengelolaan air di tingkat wilayah atau masyarakat. Palembang perlu
memperhatikan pengembangan kearifan lokal, keterlibatan masyarakat,
ketersediaan jaringan dan organisasi, serta pengembangan manfaat program.
Kupang perlu memperhatikan kesempatan kerja, upaya peningkatan pengetahuan,
informasi ketersediaan, pengembangan saluran, dan kesepakatan Program.
Kata kunci: air minum, indeks, adaptasi
1.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has a
vulnerability to climate change disaster. Climate change disaster can increase stresses
and shocks (L. Hiwasaki et.al, 2014). Another result in the study,state that climate
change could trigger climate instability and lead to emergence floods,
droughts, cyclones, landslides threat (Goodess, 2013).Climate change will
have a progressively increasing impact on environmental degradation (Warner
et.al, 2010).The threat needsdisaster management efforts.
Climate variability
and changephenomenonasglobal warming result, to be one of the most important
challenge today (Surmaini, 2010). Anthropogenic factors, especially industrial
rapid increase activities have significantly triggered global warming incident.Five
primary sectors that responsible for 81.32% of the total GHG emission are
Electric Power/Steam and Hot Water Production and Supply, Smelting and Pressing
of Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals, Nonmetal Mineral Products, Agriculture, and
Coal Mining and Dressing (Chen G.Q, Bo Zhang, 2010). Climate change may have an
impact onfrequency and intensity increase in the of extreme weather events,
changing rainfall patterns, rising temperatures and sea levels.Climate change
impact can cause more severe impacts on human society and the natural
environment (Mahmood Rashid, Mukand S Babel, 2014).
In Indonesia climate
change and global warming (Haeruman, 2009) can be recognise in incident of drought,
flood, forest fire, landslide, degradation of food productivity, change of
forest function, degradation of biodiversity, and degradation of quality and
quantity of water supply.
Water management have
strong relation to climate change, can be seen as a form of institutional
services to public, where vulnerability variable as ideal service standards
compared with achievements of existing services.
Based on introduction,
this research has done to address the following issues: How is vulnerability
indicators inadaptive capacity index, of water sector climate change
preparedness performance gap?
Study purpose is to
find determinant factor of capacity gaps related to climate change adaptation,
community and water sector. Other purpose, is to make comparison formulation of
water sector climate change vulnerability index, which consist of sensitivity,
exposure and adaptive capacity factor in Palembang and Kupang.
Both location chosen
because, they represent areas with have urban poor and high density community.
Both region also have program intervention in water and sanitation facility.
Palembang chosen for region that represent abundant of water supply (Musi
river) and Kupang for area that lack or scare of water supply.
Benefits of research
is to provide stakeholders strategic efforts, at sociological implications of water
sector climate change, optimal adaptation measures that can be prioritized for
communities, facing water problems due to climate change.
Quantitative approach
is used to provide an factors related overview to climate change vulnerability
and adaptive capacity, for public in water sector. This Approach also used to
determine ratio between region with a history of abundant water(Palembang)
compared with areas with a history of water lack (Kupang).
The study was
conducted by looking at the vulnerability gap performance indicators, for
adaptive capacity readiness index, to community drinking water sector climate
change.This is necessary, in order to improve water service efforts, climate
change-related research sites.
Qualitative methods
based on interviews with stakeholders in research location, is used to explain
the phenomenon that appears in quantitative research.
In order to find
performance readiness index, this research use gap analysis. Gap analysis is
conduct to describe the gap between attribute performance, compare with
attributes expectation. Attributes measured in vulnerability assessment
compared with ideal value to ideal service limit. Benchmarking method is
usually done by comparing performance and satisfaction indicator, this study try
to comparethe performance index with ideall value.
2.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Greenhouse gas emissions negate at least 16,6% of
climate change mitigation potential, from an increase in carbon sink area under
increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (Groenigen et.al, 2011). The increase
ofCO2 concentration in atmosphere, has increased the earth average temperature.
This temperature increase causes wind patterns changes, ocean and lake water
evaporation, which then causes pattern and intensity changes of rainfall.
Climate change could have a negative impact on global economy.Economic
estimates of climate change impacts depend heavily on the underlying climate
scenarios and downscaling of the output from global circulation models (Aaheim
et al, 2012).The negative impact of climate change is mainly felt by developing
countries.
Climate
change is a long process and has high complexity nature, making it difficult to
predict precisely. Adaptation effort is a necessary thing, because climate that
change is difficult to return to the initial condition.Climate change
adaptation law should be based on principled flexibility (Craig, 2010). Global
climate change scale need to be transformedon local context, associated with
economic, social, political, geographic and local environment response. Local
adaptation plans should include targets to maintain and restore biodiversity
and ecosystem resilience (Baker et. Al, 2012). Local community adaptation can
be divided into two group that is individual and community adaptation (Heston
YP and Wati, 2013).
Adaptive
capacity in local context obtain from socio - ecological relationships, level
of income, completion patterns, infrastructure, ecosystems, health, gender,
political participation and individual habits. Local adaptation can be done in
multi-sectoral (Iswardoyo, 2013). But there are local government and community
havent introspective or aware to climate change and it impacts (Heston, YP, and
Febrianty D, 2013)
Climate
change adaptation is divided into three groups (Klein, et.al , 1997 in Puspita,
N, 2010)that is: level of strategy, populations and individuals. Strategylevel
related to climate change regulations development and implementation. At the
population level, adaptationpurpose is to protect or prevent. At the individual
level, adaptation purpose is at behavioral adjustments that aims to resolve the
hazard exposure. Adaptive capacity assessment (Suhelmi, 2013) can be done by
calculatingurban disaster adaptive capacity. The higher village adaptive
capacity, more resistant in face of disaster.
Adaptability
based on research (Effendi, 2012) is equal with knowledge, public education and
social welfare level. Community can have good adaptability when having good
welfare levels. Knowledge and wellfare levels of community can raise health
awareness.
Research related to climate change vulnerability as
stated Turner et al. (2003) in (A.Tahir, 2009) explains that vulnerability (V) isoverlay function of exposure (E), sensitivity (S), and adaptive capacity (AC),
and expressed in mathematical form by Metzger et al., (2006 ) as follows:V = f ( E , S , AC )...........( 1 )
3.
METHODology
The study
was conducted by using basic theory related to incorporation of community
preparedness and vulnerability to climate change. Related readiness group
theory divides the population into 3 levels, namely the individual, community
and institution. Theory of climate change -related vulnerability indicator
group divided into 3 parts, namely adaptive capacity, exposure and sensitivity.
Gap analysis
(Kaihatu, 2008) is needed here to describe the gap betweenattribute performance
with the attributes expectation.Attributes measured (Oktaviani, 2006) in vulnerability
assessment compared with ideal value to ideal service limit.
Location
and Research Period
Indexes related
explanations tracked by using quantitative and qualitative research, with
questionnaires and conducted interviews to several key stakeholders. They which
have the information availability is considered sufficient to explainrelated
indices phenomena.
The research
was conducted in February to November of 2012, in Palembang (Seberang Ulu 1,
which consists of three villages : ¾, 15 and 5 Ulu), and in Kupang(Kelapa Lima
district, which consists of three villages: Oesapa , West Oesapa, and Lasiana).
Palembang is
provincial capital, largest city and economic hub of social activity in South
Sumatra. Its area is of 400.61 km2. Topography of Palembang, mostly lowlands
with an average altitude of 4-12 meters above sea level, with a composition of
48 % of land that is not waterlogged, flooded land 15 % and 35 % seasonally
waterlogged soils continuously throughout the season. Seberang Ulu and Seberang
Ilir has a different related topography character. Seberang Ulu region
generally have relatively flat topography and partly with the original soil
under the surface of maximum tidal river Musi. Across the region Seberang Ilir
topography variation from 4m to 20m height above sea level which consists of
valleys and steep topography there. Initial
river function in Palembang is as a transportation means, but now it is experiencing
changes as a function of drainage and flood control.
Clean water
for Palembang people mostly provide by PDAM Tirta Musi (BPPSPAM, 2010)
and others utilize surface water such as river water, pond or swamp. Palembang
city resident who served with clean water increased from 43.18 % ( 2003) to ±
80 % (2009 ) as many as 1,073,267 people, with a target service in 2012, is
expected to serve 95 % of Palembang population.
Kupang city
has an area of 165.3 km2 consists of 6 districts. Topography Kupang is the
highest area above sea level in the south 100-350 meters. While the lowest area
above sea level on the northern slope of 0-50 meters with a 15 percent rate.
The city population of Kupang (2012) is 336 239 inhabitants. With a population
density of 2,034 per km2. Description and source of household Drinking Water in
2010 which has its own drinking water facilities by 49.98 percent (table 1-2).
Table 1. Parameter Percentage of Households
by Drinking Water Facilities
|
Drinking
Water Facilities
|
%
|
|
Private
|
49,98
|
|
Community
|
45,93
|
|
Public
|
3.84
|
|
Not available
|
0,25
|
|
Total
|
100,00
|
Sources:
Welfare Indicators Kupang.
|
Drinking
water resources
|
%
|
|
Bottled water
|
10,22
|
|
Water refill
|
3,98
|
|
piped meter
|
42,24
|
|
Retail tap
|
4,92
|
|
Pump
|
2,97
|
|
Protected wells
|
22,62
|
|
Not Shielded wells
|
7,15
|
|
Shielded Springs
|
0,87
|
|
Not Shielded Springs
|
0,87
|
|
Others
|
4,16
|
|
Total
|
100,00
|
Sources:
Welfare Indicators Kupang
Data
Collecting
Data was collected through questionnaires. Questionnaires
distributed to a number of respondents to determine samples number required
(representation of a population that will be mapped). Determination of samples
number should consider homogeneity and heterogeneity of population.
Literature
study was done by collecting a variety of secondary data from various sources (books,
journals, magazines, maps, newspapers, documents, research reports, data sources
from the internet, etc.).
In-depth
interviews were conducted in a quiet, familiar situations. Interviews can be
started from the things that light (introduction), insensitive, and not
necessarily sequentially so that the informant did not mind answering.
Field
observations made through direct observation to be mapped. In implementing
field observations accompanied by representatives from the community along with
a professional master of environmental management.
Population
Quantitative research:
population to determine the community readiness represented by the board of RT,
RW and administrators group in society. With justification that they are the
main object and subject, in the implementation of adaptation models, that can act
as driving force for all citizens in the region. The population has also seen a
lot of information , in-depth strategic and social and cultural processes that
occur in a community, about the phenomenon under study. Qualitative
research: to determine the readiness of the population represented by the head
of the district, the board of NGOs working in the field of water.
Samples
Questioner
divided into two types of community leaders and family heads .1) Criteria for
selecting community leaders in the RT and RW defined by the following inclusion
criteria, ie:
( a. ) The Board region at RT until RW with a minimum term of 1
year
( b. ) Residing in the research area and are willing to be the research
subject.
( c. ) At least 20 years old.
Samples
amount that meet the criteria for inclusion in the study, were 30 people in
each area.
2 ) The criteria for selecting individual inclusion criteria, namely
:
( a. ) One of the family members who are considered to represent
( d. ) Residing in the research area and are willing to be the
research object.
( b. ) At least 20 years old.
N
=
..........( 1 )
Description :
( a. ) P = proportion of searched state:
socio-economic involvement of 76.3 % for community participation in water
resources management (Syahrani, et al 2004 in Balai 2012)
( b. ) d = desired level of absolute accuracy
(0.07)
( c. ) α = level of significance ( 0.05 )
( d. ) Q = ( 1 - P ) , so if P = 1-.763 =
0.237
Based on the above provisions , then the
sample size in this study was: 142 people for Kupang and Palkembang city.
Qualitative
research to explain the quantitative figures, does not concern on the number of
samples, informants can be a little or lot depending on whether appropriate key
informants as well as the diversity and phenomenon complexity of study. In
collecting the data, the number of samples used is the range between 4-10
informants to see if the data is already saturated, if the sample is less than
10 has reached the saturation point, researchers stop sample search. With
regard data fulfill and adjusted to the researchers ability (Lexy J and Moleong, 2004 ).
Data
Analysis
Based on field research (Balai
Litbang Sosekling Bidang Permukiman in 2012) with the mathematical formulation
described vulnerability Index (V = f S, E, AC) is as follows :
With a description of each variable, the variable S is defined as
follows:
S= 50 PrA + 37,9 KP + 12,1 M...........( 2 )
Where, PRA: daily behaviour water usage, KP: programs agreement
and clean water support policies, M: clean water benefits.
Variable E is defined
as follows :
E= 50 PAL + 50 PeAL...........( 3 )
Where, PAL: water use in scarce season (individual) , PeAL: water
management in scarce season water (community)
AC variable defined as follows :
AC= 16,67 Pt + 16,93 Ps + 16,4 PI + 9,4 J + 8,22 KI + 8,16 C + 7,66 KL + 11,83 CAP + 4,73 P...........( 4 )
Where, Pt: Knowledge, Ps: Perception, Pl: Behavior, J: Networking
, KI: information availability of, C: channel, KL: Local knowledge, CAP:
community action plan, P: Leadership.
Rating score each parameter, using sources Arctic Water Resource
Vulnerability Index, divided into 3 categories:
Table 3. Scale Parameter
|
Parameter
|
Size
|
|
High Vulnerable
|
0,00 – 0,33
|
|
Moderate Vulnerable
|
0,34 – 0,66
|
|
High Resilient
|
0,67 – 1,00
|
(source: Balai Litbang Sosekling Bidang
Permukiman, 2012)
Data were
analyzed by compiling into the matrix, index found the actual number of
questionnaires. This was followed by finding the difference between ideal
boundary services minus the actual numerical values. Actual figures inserted
into percentage figures for ease of analysis. Wanted percentage difference
between ideal service reduced the actual number percentage.Index:
I=
...........(
5 )
Measurement
of index formula (Eriyagama, 2009)
The next step
is to formulate a (3) priority variable, and (3) support variables in each
study site. Variables found the explanation sought through qualitative
research, both from the literature as well as primary data sources such as
interviews.
Qualitative
analysis is done by developing a quantitative research ideographic related
phenomena and social reality. Development of the theory of empiri formed
through various phenomena or cases studied. The resulting theory will gain a
strong foothold on reality and is contextual.
Disclaimer
Gross
Regional Domestic Product for Kupang ,
taken in 2011, due to field research conducted in 2012.
4.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Actual figures obtained from the indicator
with 3-15 questions in the questionnaire, with the following indicator explanation.
Knowledge:
the ability of respondents to answer everything aboutcommunity readiness in
addressing availabilty changes in water resources due to climate change.
Perception:
support respondent to give a positive or negative response to community
readiness in addressing availability changes of water resources due to climate
change.
Behavior: The
public habit or act in everyday life related to community readiness,to face change
problems in water resources due to climate change. It will be assessed from the
behavior of people in water retrench for daily needs.
Conduct daily
water use: The habit or act of public in everyday life related to community
readiness in use of water to prevent water shortages occurrence.
Conduct water
use season when water is scarce: the habit or act of family members related to
family preparedness in face of scarce water season.
water use
behavior: the behavior or actions related to water use in family life to
improve socio- economic status.
Local Wisdom:
all forms of knowledge, belief, understanding, or insight as well as custom or
ethics that guide human behavior in conserving water resources.
Water
management in water-scarce season: habits or actions related to community
preparedness in face of scarce water season.
Community
involvement in organizations: community participation in project provision of
clean water and sanitation services.
Leadership:
the art of activity or influence others to cooperate based on person's ability to
guide others in achieving desired goals of the group.
The existence
of organizations: the organization presence in a special area set up to
regulatewater availability in community.
Network: the efforts
of an institution in community to establish cooperative relationships with
other agencies.
Availability
of information: The efforts of an institution to obtain information related to
provision of clean water.
Channel
Communications: Media availability is facilitated by an institution engaged in
provision of clean water in order for a community to deliver clean water issues
in the region.
Agreements
Program and Policy Support: The existence of a formula and related activities
deal with a source of clean water agencies.
Benefits: The
availability of clean water facilities on community created by an agency.
Answers to indicators
other than education, income and employment converted to numbers range from 0
to 100 to facilitate the analysis process. The results can be seen in the table
4, the figures were converted into percentage in accordance with the primary
data.
Table
4a. Actual Figure
|
No
|
Indicator
|
Ideal
level
|
unit/metric
|
Palembang
|
Kupang
|
%
Palembang
|
%
Kupang
|
|
Adaptive capacity (AC)
|
|||||||
|
1
|
Education
|
4,53
|
Point
|
3,35
|
3,77
|
55,46
|
62,42
|
|
2
|
Income
|
2.216.341
|
Rupiah
|
2.304.031
|
2.354.575
|
77,97
|
79,68
|
|
3
|
Job
|
6,01
|
Point
|
4,44
|
4,24
|
55,41
|
52,91
|
|
4
|
Knowledge
|
77,81
|
Point
|
65,56
|
63,91
|
63,19
|
61,60
|
|
5
|
Behaviour
|
76,56
|
Point
|
61,67
|
67,32
|
60,41
|
65,95
|
|
6
|
Local
wisdom
|
68,41
|
Point
|
0
|
67,78
|
0,00
|
74,31
|
|
7
|
Community
involvement
|
94,78
|
Point
|
23,33
|
95
|
18,46
|
75,17
|
|
8
|
Leadership
|
87,38
|
Point
|
63
|
78,33
|
54,07
|
67,23
|
|
9
|
Network
|
75,76
|
Point
|
30
|
66,77
|
29,70
|
66,10
|
|
10
|
Information
availability
|
97,36
|
Point
|
50
|
61,09
|
38,52
|
47,06
|
|
11
|
Channel
|
88,83
|
Point
|
40
|
71,43
|
33,77
|
60,31
|
|
12
|
Organization availability
|
97,63
|
Point
|
20
|
91,2
|
15,36
|
70,06
|
|
Exposure (E)
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
14
|
Water shortage management at individual level
|
53,28
|
Point
|
48,35
|
47,31
|
68,06
|
66,60
|
|
15
|
Water shortage management at territorial level
|
70,33
|
Point
|
0
|
47,77
|
0,00
|
50,94
|
|
Sensitivity (S)
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
17
|
Daily
water use behaviour
|
62,72
|
Point
|
66
|
60
|
78,92
|
71,75
|
|
18
|
Program
agreement
|
94,07
|
Point
|
51,21
|
71,34
|
40,83
|
56,88
|
|
19
|
Benefit
|
69,87
|
Point
|
0
|
62,5
|
0,00
|
67,09
|
Ideal
number minus ideal limit equal with the gap value(Table 4).
(source: Balai
Litbang Sosekling Bidang Permukiman, 2012)
Table 4b. Gap
|
No
|
Indicator
|
Ideal
level
|
Palembang
|
Kupang
|
%
Palembang
|
%
Kupang
|
|
Adaptive capacity(AC)
|
||||||
|
1
|
Education
|
4,53
|
2,69
|
2,27
|
44,54
|
37,58
|
|
2
|
Income
|
2.216.341
|
651.090,33
|
600.546,33
|
22,03
|
20,32
|
|
3
|
Job
|
6,01
|
3,57
|
3,77
|
44,59
|
47,09
|
|
4
|
Knowledge
|
77,81
|
38,19
|
39,84
|
36,81
|
38,40
|
|
5
|
Behaviour
|
76,56
|
40,41
|
34,76
|
39,59
|
34,05
|
|
6
|
Local
wisdom
|
68,41
|
91,21
|
23,43
|
100,00
|
25,69
|
|
7
|
Community
involvement
|
94,78
|
103,04
|
31,37
|
81,54
|
24,83
|
|
8
|
Leadership
|
87,38
|
53,51
|
38,18
|
45,93
|
32,77
|
|
9
|
Network
|
75,76
|
71,01tas
|
34,24
|
70,30
|
33,90
|
|
10
|
Information
availability
|
97,36
|
79,81
|
68,72
|
61,48
|
52,94
|
|
11
|
Channel
|
88,83
|
78,44
|
47,01
|
66,23
|
39,69
|
|
12
|
Organization availability
|
97,63
|
110,17
|
38,97
|
84,64
|
29,94
|
|
Exposure (E)
|
|
|
|
|||
|
14
|
Water shortage management at individual level
|
53,28
|
22,69
|
23,73
|
31,94
|
33,40
|
|
15
|
Water shortage management at territorial level
|
70,33
|
93,77
|
46,00
|
100,00
|
49,06
|
|
Sensitivity (S)
|
|
|
|
|||
|
17
|
Daily
water use behaviour
|
62,72
|
17,63
|
23,63
|
21,08
|
28,25
|
|
18
|
Program
agreement
|
94,07
|
74,22
|
54,09
|
59,17
|
43,12
|
|
19
|
Benefit
|
69,87
|
93,16
|
30,66
|
100,00
|
32,91
|
(source: Balai Litbang Sosekling Bidang Permukiman,
2012)
From the results of a calculation in
Palembang can be seen that there are three indicators that need to get
attention, in order to services improve, namely: local knowledge, management of
scarce water season, and program existence benefits. While the next 3
indicators that can be considered for further development is availability of
relevant organizations, community involvement, and networking.
From the results of a calculation in Kupang
can be seen that there are three indicators that need to get attention, in
order to service improve that is related to: employment, availability of
information, the management of scarce water season. 3 indicators for
development that can be considered further in Kupang related to program agreement,
channel, and knowledge.Gap from the ideal limit will get the result as in grafik
1 and 2.
|
Indicator number
|
|
Gap percentage
|
(source: individual analysis)
|
3 indicator with largest
gap
|
|
Gap percentage
|
|
Indicator number
|
(source: individual analysis)
|
3 next indicator with
medium gap
|
Discussion
Palembang
Local wisdom (6) (Diem, A.
, 2012)
Local wisdom of wood stage
housing form, which is designed to be able to adapt geographical conditions swampy
wet and hot temperatures. The building houses a stage adaptation of the rain
and tide conditions, especially in the region around the river. Home made form
high in anticipation of the hot temperatures. Selected wood material resistant
to water immersion. Trust is the number of steps, showing a desire to get a
blessing for the family, because there is a belief if an even number of stairs
then residents will get a lot of trouble. Number of steps in a terrace house
also shows social class, who were divided into three groups. The higher steps number,
more higher class that can be assembled in it. Ventilation in every home made
a lot, and each home prepared crock in front of house to keep clean water, which is found in
households in Palembang. This shows the readiness of citizens to be able to
have their own bin (not together) for each household.Densely populated settlements
on riverbanks, using direct water to wash clothes, dishes and bathing. The main
water source community around the river is flowing river water.
Water shortage management at territorial level(15)
Water problems in some areas impassable Musi river have ebb and flow,
if tide is a lot than trash left on riverbank. Plus, if there was a flood
threatens the existence of the house residents (Musi River Overflowing Again
Compass - March 1, 2006 ). Although relatively raw water is available both in dry
and rainy season.
Water they
obtained in several ways, namely by buying from water vendors, including refill
water, collect water and carry out simple processing.Efforts to overcome clean
water scarcity can be proved by the discovery of drums and jars on patio
citizens, namely rain still expected to meet needs of clean water. When it
rained, water is murky Musi precipitated with alum.
Benefit(19)
Management and
improvement of water quality from taps is done by adding the house conection (SR)
and main channel of taps. Most people already have a house connection each of
taps. However, there are areas which are found also got SANIMAS program and use
water collectively.
Program
construction of public facilities such as toilets plus of course SANIMAS built
on land owned by the Palembang.Informal sector work, MCK SANIMAS, the PNPM,
help from pawnshops for road and bridge capital.
Kupang
Job(3)
When observed by
Gross Regional Domestic Product in 2011, which shows most of the revenues
obtained from Kupang city services sector, trade, hotels and restaurants, where
these sectors are in need of drinking water clean security. In water supply in
Kupang can not rely on taps, to meet adequacy, through a variety of ways,
namely: buy water tanks, water gallons or using borehole.To meet the water
needs of corporate offices, hotels, and a domestic house hold requirements,
many of which use tank water consumption.
|
SECTOR
|
Year
|
|
|
2011
|
||
|
RUPIAH (million)
|
%
|
|
|
Agriculture
|
104.416
|
4,2
|
|
Mining
|
36.975
|
1,49
|
|
Processing industry
|
66.584
|
2,68
|
|
Electricity and water supply
|
21.491
|
0,86
|
|
Building
|
259.578
|
10,44
|
|
Trade, hotel, restaurant
|
714.117
|
28,72
|
|
Transportation / communication
|
397.788
|
16
|
|
Bank / finance
|
143.304
|
5,76
|
|
Service
|
742.506
|
29,86
|
|
TOTAL
|
2.486.759
|
100
|
(Gross Regional Domestic Product
in 2011)
InformationAvailability(10)
As part of water provision, made
from the institution to deliver information services provider to consumers,
including information from the government to the public. Some of the
information that can be conveyed related programs: PDAM through the piping
system , but still about 10 % are using a direct connection to the house. KSM
PAMSIMAS, using a tank filled water flow taps and boreholes. This work is done
so that there is reduction in cost to meet the needs of the community water
supply so that the load can be minimized. KSM PAMSIMAS success in community-based
water supply programs such as PNPM - P2KP that include clean water issues in
the environmental aspects , through the use of the tank system with piping
method SR (House Connection). Management of the water tank. Source water
obtained from wells drilled tank which is then run through a private business.
Ownership of water
sources as a privately owned gold fields for the local community and is
a very profitable business. Related information management boreholes privately
owned. Management of water gallons for drinking water, but in quality, raw
water , the tools used and the process must not be ascertained in accordance
with health standards.
Water shortage management at territorial level (15)
Water crisis in Kupang
can occur throughout the year, but when dry season decrease water flow reaches
30 % on sources of spring water, such as rivers, wells, ponds, etc, while the
rainy season when water is quite abundant even frequent flooding due to
conditions geographical and soil structure is not solid and hollow, so that
water in highlands and can not be saved down low flatness and then thrown into
the sea but the season when water quality has decreased.
5.
CONCLUSION
From Discussion there are
3 (three) indicator that have high gap and 3 (three) in medium gap both in
Palembang and Kupang.One problem which Palembang and Kupang have to face, that
is water management at territorial or community level. Another Palembang’s problem
in order to improve water sector toward climate change adaptation are local
wisdom development, community involvement, netwwork, organization availability,
and program benefit development. Another Kupang’s problem in order to improve
water sector toward climate change adaptation are job opportunity, effort to
increased knowledge, information availibility, channel development, and program
agreement.
To improve the index
performance in Palembang that has abundant water, namely the development of
local wisdom. Current value of local wisdom in water management, has not been
optimized, so it needs to be administered using a socialization program or
local cultural context. Also required the technology implementation to solve
water shortages in times of flooding along Musi river. Optimizing
community-based programs benefits can be done by way of managing pipelines to
homes.
Provision of clean
water access to sectors that have the potential to increase revenue in Kupang,
is one way of improving index performance. Need to ensure the quality,
quantity, continuity of water services strategic sectors such as trade, hotel,
restaurant and industry. Information dissemination needs to be done to improve
performance readiness index. In addition it is necessary to provide guidance to
company, which runs a water refill business.
6.
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